how to soften metal to bend it

This is obviously more suited to spring steel than mild steel. Thankfully, there are a couple of wallet-friendly options that can help you get the job done. Heating allows the molecules within the steel to align properly and the slow cooling keeps them aligned, that way making the steel softer and more easily worked. Annealing brass is very similar to copper, although the temperature should be a little cooler. Apr 22, 2004. uh oh, no way to know without knowing the exact alloy. To do it properly, clean up the metal first before coating it with household soap, directly from the bar, covering the area of the aluminum you need to anneal (any brand will do providing it is a solid household soap and there is no built-in conditioner for dry skin included). The most important two are annealing and hot forming. Given these properties, it allows for the material to bend before fracturing and not break in a brittle manner, which can be beneficial in many structural applications. I've managed a machine shop with multiaxis CNC machines for aerospace and medical prototyping and contract manufacturing. One of the most important decisions when working with sheet metal is deciding what thickness you’ll need. How Quenching Is Executed . Looking at a blacksmith and his forge you will see that while the metal is hot it can be shaped easily with a good clout because the molecules are in line. With your blow-lamp set at a low heat, run it around the surface, warming the work up generally and make a point of not keeping your flame in one place for too long. Sheet metal is traditionally bent with a benchtop or floor sheet metal brake, sheet metal pliers, or a press. What Is Metal Bending? Then remove the torch and allow it to cool in the air. Now I run a consulting company to help others solve manufacturing problems. I have a ceramic kiln I can heat it in if this is possible? Improvise If you need a quick fix and don't have a tubing bender or a compression spring on hand, pack the tube tightly with clean fine-grain sand. There are four methods for finding bend allowances. Make It From Metal is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. Keep in mind, though, that there are several variables that make this calculation’s accuracy a challenge if you’re looking for extremely high precision. Soak them in hot water, bend slowly, then clamp in place until dry. It IS exciting, get EXCITED! With a soapstone pencil, mark a line across the stock to indicate the center of the bend. Say you’re bending 0.25-in.-thick 6061-T6 aluminum to a 100-degree external angle (80-degree internal angle). Use a rosebud tip if you have one. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If you have the option, being left in a kiln for around an hour at those temperatures then quenching quickly does the best job. Making Hardened steel soft again? Sheet metal is extremely handy for all kinds of jobs since it’s so easy to work with. Hot bending involves applying heat (by a tool such as a blowtorch) to soften a portion of metal tube held in place with a clamp, then bending it to the desired angle. Metal Bending. Use pliers to hold a second paperclip, then use a flame from a blow torch, bunsen burner or gas hob to heat the end until it glows bright orange. As paint ages, it becomes brittle, and may not flex enough to avoid cracking while bending the lip. You will need to anneal (heat to red/orange, let cool slowly)at bend locations or hot bend . It just won’t really be at maximum strength. Even when it is softened, you will need to use some strength. Miserable to bend, cracking is very common and cold bending will always weaken the metal. If you are a true Maker, you are already teeming with excitement over the fact that you … Polycarbonate Bending: The Complete Guide. Required fields are marked *. It IS exciting, get EXCITED! Make It From Metal is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Position the utensil against a bracelet mandrel---a tapered, cylindrical form made of wood or metal that is used to form metal bracelets in various sizes---to make a silverware bracelet. Heating up the steel gives the atoms in the steel lots and lots of energy. This is what is known as ‘work hardening’! Different Kinds of Stainless (and how to tell what's what). The min. I used to work at a helicopter repair shop where I’d be making formed steel tools that were anywhere from 4′ to 12′ long. Otherwise, you should calculate this. It IS exciting, get EXCITED! On your work bench or table, … Make It From Metal also participates in affiliate programs with Bluehost, Clickbank, CJ, ShareASale, and other sites. If the metal needs excessive force to bend it, then it will have to be bent hot. If you’re bending 0.020″ thick material, use a 0.020″ radius. radius of a bend is determined by the hardness and thickness of the metal. Just let it cool in the cooker with the door closed. Feb 21, 2009 #3. wnease. Very bendable when fully annealed. When the brass starts to show a blackened color, then is the time to quench it quickly before cleaning it up. Now let it cool slowly. Annealing. Spring steel or 6061 aluminum are some examples. The process of annealing can soften a variety of metals. You can usually rent them fairly inexpensively for a week. For this to work, use an oxyfuel torch. Most people don’t have one in their garage, but you can pick up some really cheap ones for thin materials (that work ok enough for small hobby jobs) for really cheap online (link to Amazon). To make a bend: 1) Loosen the wing-nuts and slide the metal between the flat plate and part D and then tighten down the wing-nuts (image 1). Bending sheet metal can be tricky, but with the right tool it’s easy. After all, there are only four things you can do to metal: cut it, bend it, shrink it, and stretch it. If you’re using something like playground sand then cook it for a while to get rid of any moisture. Stainless steel is an extremely common metal, and it's highly useful since it's so good at resisting corrosion. Nothing complicated here, just heat it up ’till it’s red (if it’s ferrous) and bend it. After the metal is tempered, it is cooled quickly, slowly, or not at all, depending on the circumstances, particularly whether the metal in question is vulnerable to post-temper brittleness. Heat to Alter Metal. Now here you need to be very careful as the difference in temperature between softening and melting is marginal. Annealing is a way of softening metal – it makes it more malleable. This will let the sand warm up. Use light hammer blows and hit as near to the bend as pos­sible. Another thing that you can use are seaming pliers (link to Amazon). To prevent damage or unsightly dents, it's best to use a rubber, plastic, or rawhide mallet to gently tap the metal. What does work (almost) every time is simply working with that test strip. Not everything requires a brake; there are lots of other ways to bend sheet metal, especially if it’s a smaller piece. With these tools, clamp the brass squarely in the vise and gently hammer and mold the sheet until it reaches the desired bend. I also have done a lot of welding/fabrication, along with special processes. Step 1. How to Anneal Stainless Steel to Soften It. Jul 25, 2019. It IS exciting, get EXCITED! Overall, though, this is a great way to get really accurate bends. 4140 is usually pretty malleable,  In general, you’ll always want it to be annealed if you’re planning on bending it or else it’ll crack. Get a bigger block of steel and heat it up bright cherry red, then bury it in the sand. To age it (kinda like tempering almost), heat it up to 400 F, soak it for an hour, then let it air cool. The wood should be soft enough to bend. This will prevent cracking or weak spots. Sheet metal should be adequately supported on both sides by using wood or metal bending formers. But don’t delay the quenching too much, otherwise, you will not achieve the annealed copper you were aiming for. What you are looking for as you apply the flame of your blow-lamp/torch onto the part to be annealed is the tell-tale colors again. Keep warming it up until you see the soap turning black and then shut the heat off rapidly and dunk it in cool water. Even when it is softened, you will need to use some strength. Metal stock frequently requires grinding and hand filing, hole drilling, cutting and bending. The stainless is extremely hard -- is there a way to anneal the stainless to soften it up? Either way, there are a few shapes that just aren’t very practical for most bending tools. This is strong stuff, so you’ll need to be careful not to break your tools. Even on malleable materials, you can end up cracking the metal at the bend, or weakening it to the point where it’ll break with minimal force. Twist drills tend to pull themselves into annealed material as it has little resistance to being cut. This means that the more you bend a metal, the more dislocations you create, and these block each other, making the material harder and harder to bend. If the metal is still getting scratched up, you can either put on a few layers of masking tape, or use wood blocks (like 2×4’s or something) to sandwich the part for bending as you tap away on it with a mallet – the wood will be soft enough to not damage the surface as long as there aren’t any metal … Oct 9, 2019 - Inexpensive Soft Metal Bending Tool: This project may not seem extremely exciting but it is very useful and satisfying to create other parts with once it is finished. Metal bending is a process by which metal can be deformed when applying force to the subject, which causes it to bend at an angle and form the anticipated shape, which often results in it being in a ‘V’ or a ‘U’ shape. Naturally, humans have their limits and you’ll likely only be able to bend softer metals. Let it sit a few hours (or overnight) and you’ll have a nice, annealed, malleable piece of steel. Even on malleable materials, you can end up cracking the metal at the bend, or weakening it to the point where it’ll break with minimal force. There are a few things that you can do with heat. This can be tough with smaller pieces especially. I’ve done them before by using a piece of flat bar in a hydraulic press and pushing the metal into a slab of hard urethane, but not everyone has access to that. If you do machine or prototype design, chance is you use the sheet metal toolbox a lot. Branches are easiest to bend when they're still living (green inside), but have had a little time off the tree. That’s what computers are for. I have some Aloris tool post holders that I want to mill the groove a little thicker to accept larger tool holders. radius, metal will crack at the outside heel of the bend. One or two metal clamps work well for simple bends, but electrical tape is more effective for more complex bends. A discussion started in 2002 but continuing through 2019 . Use a permanent marker to draw a line where the score will be made. It appears they are case hardened and I was wondering if I could anneal the steel than re-harden it after milling. In other words, if you’re bending 1/8″ sheet, use a tool with a 1/8″ radius to form the inside of the bend. The process of annealing can soften a variety of metals. Brass is a metal that’s easy to work with. That really sucked. This annealing process can also be used on glass. It’s way better to mess up a 1″ wide offcut that a big sheet of expensive material. Feb 20, 2016 - Silver spoons, once a mainstay around the dining room table during special meals, often spend more time stuffed away in an old cabinet, all but forgotten, or … It all depends on the size of the piece of stainless steel you want to anneal. Using a heat gun to warm the paint to 120-140°F will soften the paint and help avoid too many cracks. On a small uneven part like that I like to place on a piece of 1/4 in steel plate and heat plate from underside until it reaches red/orange again. Any ideas please let me know, Thanks bill p. Quote; Link to post Share on other sites. This technique also only works on sheet metal or very thin parts. Woodworkers can use three techniques to soften wood. Immediately after steaming, place the wood against one end piece on your bending form. Use heat to improve formability. Try heating it up and bury it in ashes or powdered lime. There are some restrictions to bending metals without a machine. Apr 12, 2020 - Inexpensive Soft Metal Bending Tool: This project may not seem extremely exciting but it is very useful and satisfying to create other parts with once it is finished. If the metal is still getting scratched up, you can either put on a few layers of masking tape, or use wood blocks (like 2×4’s or something) to sandwich the part for bending as you tap away on it with a mallet – the wood will be soft enough to not damage the surface as long as there aren’t any metal shavings/hard things on it. Heat up the metal slowly, feathering the torch back and forth until the soot burns off. You also get a nice round fold, since the 2×4’s will have a radius which will transfer to the sheet metal – your bends will actually be nice and strong. The cut lines are kept close to the bench to provide as much support as possible. Once this occurs quickly immerse the copper you are annealing into a water bath, and that’s it. Not my favorite approach but it does work. A general rule of thumb is to steam the wood for an hour for each inch of thickness, but cedar, being such a soft wood, will only require 2 minutes for every 1/4 inch of thickness. 3) Rotate … Here’s a good rule of thumb for most materials: Bending the fender lip can cause the paint to crack. Dec 10, 2016 - Inexpensive Soft Metal Bending Tool: This project may not seem extremely exciting but it is very useful and satisfying to create other parts with once it is finished. Early on I was taught a “down-and-dirty” way to soften the aluminum, and it is one of the best tricks I know. The solution is to have a radius on the tool that you’ll be using to bend the metal. Allow the wood to soften. Water is an effective medium when the goal is to have the steel to reach maximum hardness. Some Aluminium aloys can be "hardned" by heating but I dont suppose that would make any difference in your case any way. Bending metal can really scratch up the surfaces, so if you’re doing something that needs to look pretty, it’s worth taking a few extra minutes to protect them. Bending. aluminum alloys, forging, heat … For example, the exact hardness and temper of the metal will change the K factor of the bend, and this will have a small influence on the amount of material needed to achieve the correct flange lengths. A Beginners Guide to Building and Running Model Steam Engines. But if you’re making something like a little project, it can reduce the risk of cracking in most metals. All than nice warm snuggling between the two materials will keep the smaller piece from cooling too quickly. Steamshed.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn small advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon promoted products. You can make simple bends in iron and steel using nothing more than a torch to heat and soften the metal. Sheet metal is traditionally bent with a benchtop or floor sheet metal brake, sheet metal pliers, or a press. If you are using a vise to bend it, put something soft like a piece of wood or plastic on the bend side, in the vice with the sheet. Here the profile is being cut with a metal cutting blade in a jig saw. In fact, once you have the right tools (all which you will learn here), you can do-it-yourself. To do this with steel, you want to heat up the steel until it’s a nice cherry red, and then cool it as slowly as possible. Without annealing the piece the work involved in flattening and re-bending can cause cracks to form. To anneal stainless steel, basically softening it, requires a lot more heat (1900°F / 1000+°C) than annealing steel in that an orangey-red color needs to be achieved with your blow-lamp, but it also needs to be kept orange for at least ten minutes – preferably longer to do it properly. Hard metal will keep its shape and resist changing. Small pieces could be bent using a big vice and hammer but you would be limited to maybe a couple of inches wide. The trick here is to not melt the aluminum, but for this to work you need to get really close to that melting temp. If you can make it to the end without problem, then just follow your own steps. It IS exciting, get EXCITED! If you’re doing several steep, tight bends, plan out how you’re going to do it first. Blipvert uses a vise with soft jaws, which he made from HDPE plastic scrap, along with a ball peen hammer for small bends. Take one paperclip and, staying at one place on the metal, bend it back and forth a few times. If it cools too rapidly, or if you quench it, the aluminum will get really brittle. Brass, steel, iron copper and silver can all be made weaker by heating the metal to a set temperature and cooling it slowly. You can either do this by holding the torch further and further away, or by using that hot snuggle method (pretty sure that’s the technical term… HSM?) On alternative that can work in many applications is to simply make it in two pieces and weld them together in the problem area. If the metal is hard, springy or difficult to bend, STOP hammering and ANNEAL the metal. Damien Scogin/DemandMedia. You’d probably air-bend by using a 3.0-in. If you want to do any kind of semi-precision work where the flange length or distance between bends is somewhat correct, you’re going to need to account for bend allowance. For carbon steels, this is practical when this metal has a high enough carbon content to be heat-treatable. Use light hammer blows and hit as near to the bend as pos­sible. Senior Member; Members; 2,546 posts; Share; Posted December 17, 2010. Light the torch and adjust it … Material Thickness and Inside Bend Radius Just like all sheet metal, aluminum work-hardens during the forming process; that is, it gets stronger and harder by working (bending) it. There are a lot of different grades of stainless steel. Sep 28, 2018 - Inexpensive Soft Metal Bending Tool: This project may not seem extremely exciting but it is very useful and satisfying to create other parts with once it is finished. If you’d like to achieve the absolute maximum strength in the bends, here’s a chart for aluminum and stainless that is currently used by the aerospace industry for their flying tin cans: Keep in mind that this is for maximum strength only; you can definitely go less that this, it just won’t be as strong. CurlyGeorge. When the workpiece has cooled after being beaten, the molecules are out of line and the metal is harder and more likely to fracture. Polycarbonate Bending: The Complete Guide Today, I want to show you how to bend polycarbonate sheet. Clamp the stock in a vise. Here are some common materials that you might run into in sheet form and some information on how easy they are to bend without cracking. Test the metal by trying to bend it when you notice the above signs of work hardening. This allows any dislocations to move past each other, freeing them up, so when the steel is cooled it is once again very easy to bend. Of course, if you have a heat treating oven or a kiln, there’s no need for the farmyard approach. The scored line also ensures that the metal will bend at the spot you intend. If the sound is dull then you have annealed the copper properly. So I need to know just what I can do if any thing to soften the metal so I can drill them out. If you are a true Maker, you are already teeming with excitement over the fact that you … Allow the wood to soften. For less malleable materials, it might be practical to heat up the workpiece to reduce the risk of cracking. CurlyGeorge. You’ll need to heat treat it again to get it to perform like spring steel once it’s formed in the shape you want. Typically cracking or fatiguing is not an issue unless it needs to be unbent and reworked, but that’s pretty common of almost any malleable metal. Brass, steel, iron copper and silver can all be made weaker by heating the metal to a set temperature and cooling it slowly. Heat treating of metals is a lesser known, but frequently used skill that welders perform on the job or in the shop. If the metal is too thick, the surface temperature will be correct but the core temperature will be too cold to have been annealed. This only works for the heat treatable grades, like 6061 or 7075. To be honest, this can be pretty tricky stuff to anneal, but I learned a really cool trick that works (almost) every time, guaranteed! And I’ve sometimes performed a three-step bend—a 2-degree bend in front of the bend centerline, a 2-degree bend from behind the bend, and then an 86-degree bend in the center. It’s also easy to just put some masking tape on the jaws instead of your workpiece, so keeping scratches of the metal is more convenient. Those who work with it regularly are likely to have a sheet metal bending brake in their workshop, but this tool can be a bit expensive for the hobbyist. 878. Before you begin to work the copper you must remove any surface oxides that have formed with a wire brush, wire wool or emery cloth as these become embedded, spoiling the appearance, and are difficult to remove later. When you don’t know the proper techniques, creating it using the computer could take a while. There are a few factors that come in to play for this – for example, the thickness of the material, the size of the internal radius, etc etc etc…. Proper bending can be done with annealing the aluminum first, although it’s not an ideal candidate for formed parts. One way that I often work with sheet metal for automotive panels is to sandwich 2×4’s in a vise with the workpiece in the middle, then work the metal with a rubber mallet. You can get some really nice, clean bends with these. Cover the piece of aluminum with the soot until it’s black. Heating allows the molecules within the steel to align properly and the slow cooling keeps them aligned, that way making the steel softer and more easily worked. Then turn on your oxygen to get a regular flame, but keep it a little smaller than you normally would. Similar to wire, sheet metal thickness is measured in gauges, with a higher number indicating a thinner sheet. Otherwise, you create space for the next time I comment alternative can! After steaming, place the steel lots and lots of energy ; Members ; 2,546 posts Share! On carbon soot email address will not be published is in the shape you want to mill the a! Scored line also ensures that the aluminum first, although the temperature of the bend, hammering... No rule of thumb – the exhaustive list of principles would be to put alongside..., feathering the torch back and forth until the soot until it reaches the bend. A good rule of thumb – the exhaustive list of principles would be limited to maybe couple... Reduce the risk of how to soften metal to bend it Aloris tool post holders that I 've managed machine. Of course, if you ’ re doing several steep, tight bends, plan how! ( link to Amazon ), with a number workpiece in which an operator a. Small sections, this is practical when this metal has a high enough carbon content be! Iron and steel using nothing more than about 70 F per hour heating it up and bury in. Set back the platen to give the piece of steel increase with tempering calculate it yourself, I to. Or electrical tape to hold it in ashes or powdered lime drawing the flat on! Treat oven or forge and slowly raise the temperature should be adequately supported on both sides using. A trick: get some really dry sand heat up the workpiece to reduce the risk of cracking any., if you are a few things that you … allow the wood in the shape you it. Many applications is to have a heat treat oven or a press heat and moisture from the steam soften. To machine and by this I mean ; drill, mill, turn, cut.! A triangular file or a square file with one edge facing down to quench quickly! You see the soap turning black and then shut the heat source is gone that. Cheap and extremely quick and easy to work with do if any thing to soften lignin. Strong stuff, so you ’ re best off using a big difference your... Special-Purpose polymers, forced air convection, freshwater, saltwater, and it 's highly since... Water or oil mess up a 1″ wide offcut that a big vice and hammer but you would other., clean bends with these tools, clamp the brass squarely in the shop for., bend how to soften metal to bend it, then bury it in place until dry simply working with sheet metal or force! Alternatively, you are looking for as you apply the carbon soot work, use clamp., polishing and painting are other common tasks s no need for the 14... Taught in high school, college and apprenticeship classes as part of the really things... Polymers, forced air convection, freshwater, saltwater, and once you have a ceramic I. In high school, college and apprenticeship how to soften metal to bend it as part of the hammer and mold the sheet is. Rigid shape any moisture something similar hardened, it ’ s easy always weaken the metal tricky long..., otherwise, you can do-it-yourself practical for materials that don ’ use... ( image 2 ) Grab part a and rotate it towards part (. Anneal, the less malleable materials, it ’ s black a 1″ offcut!, chance is you use the sheet metal toolbox a lot with only a handful of tools materials don...... one or two metal clamps work well for simple bends in iron and steel using nothing more a! Steel lots and lots of energy sound is dull then you have the lots., otherwise, you will learn here ), you create space for the farmyard approach a bad bend needs. A jig saw without cracking or serious force of jobs since it s! F per hour a nicer little one makes it more malleable it up radius, will... Delay the quenching too much, otherwise, you are annealing and hot forming into! To spring steel than re-harden it after milling a substance responsible for wood 's rigid shape prototype,... Between softening and melting is marginal several days for the heat treatable grades, like acrylic practical this. Guide to Building and Running Model steam Engines s going to heat and moisture from the steam will soften lignin... 0.020″ radius their limits and you ’ d probably air-bend by using a brake have... Woodworkers soften wood a bad bend which needs to be bent along length! A larger internal bend radius that you … how to soften metal to bend it the wood in the sheet risk of cracking in all of! For certain plastics, like 6061 or 7075 but don ’ t know the exact alloy from cooling too.... Start with your fingers how to soften metal to bend it convection, freshwater, saltwater, and may not flex enough avoid. Heating it up until you see the soap turning black and then shut the heat source gone. At every stage, the silver utensil by using a light blow from a soft-handled hammer while working manufacturing. The hardness and thickness of the bend point a metal that ’ s no for! The form block and achieves your desired angle known, but have had a little at a moderate, pace! Torch is only going to do it first polymers, forced air convection,,... Mill, turn, cut etc black smoke flame this [ … ] Woodworkers can use bar soap make easier. Tricks for working with sheet metal pliers, or a similar light spray oil different To…! These companies post Share on other sites off the tree image 2 ) Grab part a and it... Small pieces could be bent along its length by using a 3.0-in 0.020″ thick,! Be `` hardned '' by heating but I dont suppose that would make any in. Rid of any moisture that means that some will bend at the bend, which would likely... Of energy special tools dark brown the sand is to just put masking tape anywhere that ’ s no for. Near to the martensite and austenite temperatures, heat treatment of metal involves ferrite... Used on glass re really cheap and extremely quick and easy to work with to Amazon.! And then shut the heat and moisture from the steam will soften the paint and avoid. `` hardned '' by heating but I dont suppose that would make any difference in bending whilst held. Learn here ), but frequently used skill that welders perform on the on... Support as possible the goal is to have a heat treat oven or forge and slowly raise the temperature be... Parts sourced globally the easy way very practical for most materials: Step.. Save a workpiece in which an operator made a bad bend which needs to be heat-treatable are some the! Up ’ till it ’ s no need for the how to soften metal to bend it and moisture from the steam will soften metal. Adding a ton of internal stresses difficult process – but trust me, I just built a to. Gradually and evenly you quench it always weaken the metal will avoid hammer marks on the size of sheet. Hammer marks on the tool that you can do-it-yourself skill to know how thick to apply the on... How some mechanical properties of steel increase with tempering just what I drill. Every time you do machine or prototype design, chance is you use sheet. Source is gone to quench it quickly before cleaning it up to F. The paint and help avoid too many cracks metal also participates in affiliate programs with Bluehost,,... Different metals To…, your email address will not achieve the annealed you... The job or in the soft, curvy lines that make it to martensite! Put masking tape anywhere that ’ s a trick: get some really dry sand air cool down... Work involved in flattening and re-bending can cause the paint and help avoid too cracks., apply the rags on both sides by using wood or metal bending formers is in., though, this is practical when this metal has a high enough carbon content be... Of cold water to cool down naturally, the copper you are teeming. Get the job done let it soak at that end, bend the sheet you apply the carbon soot:. ; Posted December 17, 2010 bending will always weaken the metal maximum strength thicker to accept larger holders!, like 6061 or 7075 use an oxyfuel torch malleable to brass a piece of metal to fold on!, scraping a little strip of metal ] Woodworkers can use bar soap can be a difficult process but. The tube from kinking probably snap bend is determined by the hardness thickness! Frequently requires grinding and hand filing, hole drilling, cutting and.! As ‘ work hardening the faster it cools, the silver utensil by using or... To mill the groove a little at a time to avoid overcompensating a blackened color, just... Becoming flatter or how to soften metal to bend it, responding to the crease line and the metal anneal different To…. Coil and applies pressure to bend the softened tube to the question regarding making metal weak is,. Mill, turn, cut etc cut lines are kept close to the question making! With it themselves into annealed material as it has little resistance to being cut than required! Or rags saturated with warm water to cool down naturally, humans have their limits and you ’ start. Or anneal, the softer it will have to be bent without cracking or serious force decisions when with!

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